Hilbert College

 Annotated Bibliography:

Hate Groups and Free Speech

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"Hate Speech on Campus" ACLU Briefing Paper (1996). Online: http://www.aclu.org/library/pbp16.html

The real, applicable value of free speech is put to test when the speaker has different opinion than our own. Speech that is offensive to our morals commands the same protection under the constitution as other speech, due to the indivisibility of the right of free speech.

Bollinger, Lee C. (1986) The Tolerant Society, Oxford University Press,

At a time when telecommunications advances are revolutionizing society and bringing up a variety of new free speech issues, extremist speech continues to be a primary point of discussion of the first Amendment. Numerous definitions and interpretations of the first Amendment cloud understanding of what is and what is not acceptable.

Chamberlin, Bill F. and Kent R. Middleton (1988) The Law of Public Communication Longman Inc.

Rights granted by the first amendment include the right of conscience, the right to form oneÕs own beliefs, and the right to express those beliefs. They are the unalienable rights of each individual.

Dickerson, Donna Lee (1990) The Course of Tolerance Greenwood Press

Every man has a natural propensity to have different opinions than others, and every man feels his opinions are the best. Through these differences in opinion, discoveries are made.

Downs, Donald Alexander (1985) Nazis in Skokie University of Notre Dame Press

An in-depth study of the Nazi march in Skokie, Illinois, itÕs effects, and the legal aspects concerned with it.

Greenwalt, Kent (1989) Speech, Crime, and the Uses of Language Oxford University Press

Freedom of speech is a crucial principle in our society, reflecting the idea that government should not control communication of ideas.

Haiman, Franklin S. (1981) Speech and Law in a Free Society University of Chicago Press.

Hostility between groups has always existed. Only the crudest acts of communication focused at large audiences have been targeted with legal concern. Nations in Western Europe have much tougher standards on hate speech than the US.

"Hate Speech" The Ethical Spectacle Online: http://www.spectacle.org/

Hate speech is traditionally recognized as protected by the first amendment, unless it can be classified as libel, obscenity, or "fighting words". In other countries, such as Canada and Great Britain, hate speech has been banned, sparking a debate of itÕs effects on liberal democracy.

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"The Hate Speech Controversy: Statement of Position: Hate Speech." Online: http://www.netfreedom.org/racism/position.html

The basic principle of free speech is that on their own words cannot be bad, but with a negative force behind them they can be harmful.

Lamarche, Gara (1996) Speech and Equality: Do we really have to choose? New York University Press.

Hate speech is only protected when spoken to a presumably receptive or at least neutral listener, not speech said in a directly coercive manner to an unwilling listener.

Mackinnon, Catherine A. (1993) Only Words Harvard University Press.

For 15 years courts have began to show acts of speech as being in fact acts of inequality and harassment. Racial and sexual harassment both promote inequality and violate oppressed groups. The case of James Keegstra, an Anti-Semite teaching Holocaust revisionism to schoolchildren in Alberta, was ruled against Keegstra because the court felt his teachings had devastating consequences .

Neier, Aryeh (1979) Defending my Enemy Aryeh Neier

A JewÕs outlook on the free speech rights of the NaziÕs who wanted to march in Skokie, Illinois, and his treatment for defending their rights in order to fight back.

Rabban, David M. (1997) Free Speech in itÕs Forgotten Years Cambridge University Press

Discussion of court cases involving the right to public speech and the control of how that speech is given.

Shapiro, Martin (1966) Freedom of Speech Prentice Hall.

"Fighting words threaten an immediate breach the peace, which is why they are not offered protection under the first amendment.

Shiell, Timothy C. (1998) Campus Hate Speech on Trial University Press of Kansas.

Hate speech is an issue that is unsettled for many: they feel policies are sometimes wrongly enforced, but in some cases not enforced at all. A national push for campus hate speech regulation was began in 1987, when institutions such as the University of Michigan began adopting regulations in order to combat growing prejudice and bigotry problems on the campus.

Shriffin, Steven H. (1999) Dissent, Injustice, and the Meanings of America Princeton University Press

The proponents of hate speech argue that disadvantaged groups are silenced by hate speech. The author feels any regulation of hate speech would be counterproductive, when this country is a racist society.

Nicholas Wolfson (1997) Hate Speech, Sex Speech, Free Speech Praeger Publishers

Considerable amounts of legal literature support the idea that hate speech should receive little to no first amendment protection, due to the scientific falsity of racial stereotyping and the harm that can be done by such speech.