Arnheim, Rudolph. (1971) Radio. Arno Press and the New York Times.

In this book, written originally in 1936, Arnheim focuses mainly on radio as a means of expression. What is intriguing about this work, however, is not Arnheim's evaluation of radio, but rather his chapter on television, the medium that was just beginning to break into mass communications at the time this was written. Arnheim believed that television would be stimulating for the thinking man, but that others would simply become "engrossed by the screen." He also foresaw television's role in the "marriage between wireless and film."

Barfield, Ray (1996) Listening to Radio 1920-1950. Praeger.

This book discusses radio in the first half of this century. The book focuses on how Americans listened to radio as well as what we listened to. The book also has a direct reference to the isolation of rural South Carolina in the first part of the century and how radio connected people (p 53).

Brown, Les. (1977) The New York Times Encyclopedia of Television. The New York Times Book Company, Inc.

In this encyclopedia, Brown explains hundreds of key words in television. Using lay terms, he describes everything from "AA Rating" to "Zworykin, Vladimir K." This work is fairly comprehensive in its coverage of this medium, including the technical aspects of television, the major and not so major participants in it, the people responsible for its development, and the bodies governing it.

Camporesi, Valeria. (1990) " 'We Talk a Different Language.' The Impact of US Broadcasting in Britain, 1922-1927." Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television. Carfax Publishing Co. Vol. 10, No. 3.

Camporesi discusses the impact of the broadcasting boom in America on British broadcasting in the years immediately following the first World War. She charts the movement of the American broadcasting into a commercialized environment, and explains how this commercialism was viewed in Britain, where broadcasting was used mainly as a tool of public service. She also discusses the "chaos of the air" that ensued in the United States in the early 1920's, when there were very few regulations governing broadcasting. At that time, anyone in the United States who was capable of transmitting any kind of data could do so. After regulations were passed to rectify this problem, the rise of advertising and its importance to the American economy, and how this rise affected decision in British broadcasting.

Cheseboro, James W. (1979) "Communication, Values, and Popular Television Series-A Four Year Assessment." Television: The Critical View. second edition. University of Texas Press

Cheseboro discusses the reasons behind the popularity of some shows during some times in the United States and the underlying societal forces that bring about such popularity. Television holds the porwer to shape and redirect the values of the masses. Cheseboro also discusses character stereotypes present in the 1974-1978 viewing seasons, and the different ways that these stereotypes communicate to the audience during the shows. Another aspect of Cheseboro's report focuses on how popular television series shifted their co mmunicative emphasis during the course of his four-year study. This change, he asserts, stems directly from the change in America's self conceptions.

The FCC. (1999) The FCC Home Page. Online: http://www.fcc.gov/</ A>.

This page is a current guide to issues that the FCC is dealing with. The page deals with all kinds of communication and not just television or radio. It shows the change in mass media channels over time.

Greb, Gordon G. (1959-60) "The Golden Anniversary of Broadcasting." Journal of Broadcasting. Volume 3. Association for Professional Broadcasting Education.

In celebrating the 50th anniversary of broadcasting, Greb gives a history of what he considers the real pioneer of broadcasting: Herrold's Station of the Garden City Bank Building, in San Jose, California. Founded by Charles David Herrold, this radio station was not even required to have call letters when it first began broadcasting. Greb follows this fledgling station through the Radio Act of 1912 into the 1950s, demonstrating the ways in which Herrold and his programming, sent from a 15-watt spark tower, established broadcasting itself.

Hilmes, Michele. (1997) Radio Voices. University of Minnesota Press.

This book discusses radio from 1922-1952. It discusses several aspects of radio and also women and racial roles in radio.

Hirsch, Paul M. (1977) "The Role of Television and Popular Culture in Contemporary Society." School Review. Vol 85. No. 4. Reprinted in Television: The Critical View, second edition. University of Texas Press.

Hirsch proposes that the reason television has such a great impact on society is due to the fact that it strives to create content that appeals to large numbers of people from diverse backgrounds. The downfall of this attempt at mass appeal, Hirsch states, is that is creates a "centrally produces, standardized, and homogenous common culture." Hirsch also puts forth that in order to fully understand the effects that television has on society, one must realize that there are five areas of impact that need to be appraised in order to achieve a complete picture of television. Hirsch's five areas of impact are: political, cultural, demographic, latent and manifest functions of program content, and the effects that television viewing has on the individual.

Mayer, Martin. (1972) About Television. Harper and Row.

Mayer begins his book with a quote from E.B. White, who in 1938 said "We shall stand or fall by television-of that I am quite sure." Continuing in this context of the impact of television on society, Mayer discusses the history of commercials and advertising, the history of the technology of television, and the history of broadcasts as they moved from a local to a national scale. He also offers an explanation for ratings fixation and the controversy over television violence and children that was just starting to emerge as a national issue.

The Media History Project. (1995-1996) Television History. Online: http://www.mediahistory.com/teevee.html.

This is a comprehensive online guide to the history of television as a media source. The page highlights the relationships between television and social structure. The page also has links to television and broadcasting resources on the web.

Roman, James. (1996) Love, Light, and a Dream: Television's Past Present and Future. Praeger Publishers.

In this book, Roman explores many issues that have shaped and molded television's existence, from the influence of early shows to the economics that push this media source along. Roman also explains the conception the Federal Communications Commission in 1934 and how major networks and the FCC have been battling for years over issues such as censorship, decency, and economic monopoly. There is also a section of this book dedicated to the discussion of the evolution of televised news media from local news briefs to the large, cross-continentally televised network news shows. He discusses the "cable wars" of the broadcasters vs. the cable networks from the 1940's to the present, as well as the shrinking support for public broadcasting.

Slide, Anthony (1991) The Television Industry. Greenwood Press.

This book is a historical dictionary of the television industry. It includes entries of concepts, themes, television shows, and pretty much anything else you can think of.

Smith, Anthony. (1995) Television: An International History. Oxford University Press.

This volume, edited by Anthony Smith, describes the history of television in four parts: origins and institutions, forms and genres, television and society, and television across the world. It puts an international spin on television's development, including contributions covering television in countries from Africa to Australia, with America in between.

St. John, Robert.(1967) Encyclopedia of Radio and Television Broadcasting. Cathedral Square Publishing Company.

This book discusses the invention ofthe "wireless telegraph" and its evolution to the radio. Much emphasis is given to the rise of radio programming--from the live band performances to the inception of soap operas--named after the soap advertisers that vied for commercial slots during these melodramatic serials. Rado evolved into television with the help of several inventions in the early 1900's. Color appeard on the scene as a widely accepted tool in the 1950's.

Tarroni, Evelina. (1964)"The Aesthetics of Television." Screen Education: Reports and Papers on Mass Communications. Reprinted in Television: The Critical View, second edition. University of Texas Press.

Tarroni proposes television is an art form, based on several reasons. First, Tarroni claims that art is merely communication, therefore television, radio, and film all fit into this category, since they all communicate something. She claims television is an art form based on the presence of three main factors for communication: a material, and instrument and a technique. With these three factors, there is the ability to create art. The advantages of television over radio are mentioned as well, important because television can express a point in words and pictures, whereas radio only has sound as a method of communication. Television falls short to the superiority of the cinema, however, because it is subject to more limitations that the large screen, the most important being screen size. Television works to overcome this limitation by allowing more depth to be viewed in the picture. This added capability of television leads to a higher emphasis on the foreground and background action of a television image.

Taylor, Glenhall (1979) Before Television. A.S. Barnes and Company.

This book discusses the history of radio. It begins with the history of the invention of radio and finishes by detailing the golden age of radio. The book focuses on the individual programs and includes many anecdotes and information about influential people or radio shows.

U.S. Congress. (1959-60) "Harris Subcommittee Report: 50 Years of Broadcasting Regulation." Journal of Broadcasting. Volume 3. Association for Professional Broadcasting Education.

This report by the Harris subcommittee of the U.S. Congress documents the regulation of broadcasting that began with the Wireless Ship Act of 1910. It covers every major legislative and judicial decision affecting broadcasting from 1910 to 1960, including the court case Hoover v. Intercity Radio, which took away the regulating power of the Secretary of Commerce, and the Radio Act of 1927, which established the Federal Radio Commission.

"Videotape-Progress Report." (1957) Telefilm Magazine. Reprinted in Journal of Broadcasting. Volume 2. Association for Professional Broadcasting Education.

This short article places one aspect of the development of television broadcasting in its historical context. It describes a brand of videotape that had just come out, called "Scotch" brand video recording tape Number 179. Two inches wide, 4800 feet long, and selling for $306, this tape, amazingly, was enabled for "more than 200 playbacks" and "[could] be electronically erased and new program material recorded on it."

Wallace, Wesley H. (1964) "Growth, Organization, and Impact." Understanding Television: An Introduction to Broadcasting. Hastings House.

In this article, Wallace discusses the roles of television, the historical development of television, and the organization of television broadcasting. He focuses primarily on the technical developments in television, the role of the FCC, the use of advertising, the development of public commercial television, economic growth, and educational/noncommercial television.