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Annotated Bibliography: History of the |
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Berners-Lee, Tim. (1998) The World Wide Web: Past, Present, and Future. Online: http://www.w3.org/../people/Berners-Lee/1996/ppf.html The goal of the World Wide Web was for it to be a shared information space where people and machines could communicate. Since it was invented in 1989, it has grown from a medium for read-only material from heavily loaded corporate servers to the mass of Internet connected consumers. The invention of the WWW marked the end of an era of incompatabilities between computer systems.
Segaller, Stephen. (1998) Nerds 2.0.1: A Brief History of the Internet. TV Books. Tim Berners-Lee was an information technologist at CERN (the European particle physics laboratory) and inventor of the World Wide Web. He is a shy Englishman, and is modest about his achievements. Berners-Lee comes from a family who was involved with computers, his paretns both worked on the first commerical computer built in Britain, the Ferranti Mark 1. While at CERN in 1980, he created a program called "Enquire Within" which let the user store information using random associations Instead of storing files within folders on tree shaped directories, his program allowed information to be accessed and cross referenced by its content. Ten years after this, he developed this idea into the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee wrote the software for the first World Wide Web server and for the first client. It was a "WYSIWYG" (what you see is what you get) hypertext browser/editor. It was in use inside CERN by December 1990.
Dern, Daniel P. (1994) The Internet Guide for New Users. McGraw-Hill. The World Wide Web uses the hypertext concept, where references within a document become jumping-off points for other documents. It allows you to follow references by selecting highlighted items. The WWW has documents and links. One link can lead to a document that may have other links. Berners-Lee said, "World Wide Web is a wide-area hypermedia information retrieval initiative aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents. The project merges the techniques of information retrieval and hypertext to make an easy but powerful global information system.
Calliau, Robert. (1995) A Little History of the World Wide Web. Online: http://www.w3.org/History.html In 1945 Vanevar Bush wrote an article in Atlantic Monthly about a photo-electrical device called a Memex, for memory extension. It could create and follow links between documents on microfiche. In the 60's, Doug Engelbart prototyped an "oNLine System" (NLS) that could do hypertext browsing editing, email, etc. He invented the mouse for this.
Nisonger, Suzanne. (1998) The History, Current State, and Future of the World Wide Web. Online: http://php.engr.iupui.edu/~snisonge/history.html The World Wide Web would be put on a browser, where people could access the information stored on a server. The browser gets the information by searching for a link's URL (Uniform Resource Locator). Next it uses HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) to access the document. The document is coded in HTML (HyperText Markup Language).
Berners-Lee, Tim. (1998) The World Wide Web: A Very Short Personal History. Online: http://www.w3.org/../people/Berners-Lee/ShortHistory.html After he was given permission to experiment by his boss Mike Sendall, Berners-Lee wrote a program in 1990 called "WorlDwidEweb". This was a point and click hypertext editor that ran on the "NeXT" machine. He released this program with the first Web server to th High Energy Physics community and the hypertext and NeXT communities in the summer of 1991.
Author Unknown. (Date Unknown) The Interview: Tim Berners-Lee. Online: http://www.ora.com/www/info/wj/issue3/tbl-int.html There were three groups of people who used Berners-Lee's WWW program first. He attempted to spread it through the high energy physics community in order to justify all the time he spent on it. The program then spread through the hypertext community after he put it on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. Also, the program spread through the NeXT community because the software could actually be run by them. When people started using the WWW, Berners-Lee was surprised that they were willing to write out HTML.
Berners-Lee, Tim. (1990) WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project. Online: http://www.w3.org/Proposal Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau's original proposal to CERN involved a two-phase project that would create an easier way to transmit information to and from its affiliates and peers around the world. It would only use existing information and be strictly text-oriented.
Mayr, David. (Date Unknown) The History of the Net. Online: http://members.magnet.at/dmayr/history.htm The World Wide Web was invented at CERN laboratories in Switzerland. Files were first available for download in August of 1991. The first WWW browser was made available in January of 1992. From March 1993 to September 1993 WWW grew from 0.1% to 1% of NSFNET traffic and was awarded the IMA award in December.
Zeltser, Lenny. (1995) The World Wide Web: Origins and Beyond. Online: http://homepage.seas.upenn.edu/~lzeltser/WWW/ The history of the WWW is also the history of hypertext, the modern version of which was created by Ted Nelson in 1960. Nelson's ideas lead Tim Berners-Lee to conceive the WWW in 1989, and the history goes on from there.
Kelly, Brian. (Date Unknown) WWW Handbook. Online: http://ecco.bsee.swin.edu.au/text/handbook/handbook.long.html The WWW uses a client-server architecture. The first server developed was the CERN command line browser. It was strictly textual. The first graphical browser was the Viola Client. The WWW had to compete for popularity with Gopher, a simpler system.
Lohr, Steve. (1999) "A Parent's View of the World Wide Web as It Reaches Adolescence" The New York Times. Tim Berners-Lee, who created the WWW, is director of the World Wide Web Consortium and has been for five years. His involvement in the development of the Web has created a booming commercial market. He just finished a new book called "Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web By Its Inventor," due out in stores in late September.
Plewe, Brandon. (Date Unknown) The World Wide Web Hall of Fame. Online: http://botw.org/1994/awards/fame.html The WWW Hall of Fame is comprised of Tim Berners-Lee, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina, Rob Hartill, Kevin Hughes, and Lou Montulli.
Gromov, Gregory R. (Date Unknown) History of Internet and WWW: The Roads and Crossroads of Internet History. Online: http://www.internetvalley.com/intvalweb.html WWW was proposed in 1990 by Berners-Lee and Cailliau for use by CERN after a 6 month construction phase. Cailliau and Andreesen answer questions about the origins of the Web.
Author Unknown. (Date Unknown) What is the Web? Online: http://www.cnet.com/Content/Features/Techno/Networks/ss03.html The Net exists independantly of the WWW, but the WWW cannot exist without the Net. The biggest and most important feature of the WWW is that it links pages together through HTML. The Web did not gain popularity for its formative years, but when it came into its own, it became the most widely used protocol.
Hughes, Kevin. (1995) From Webspace to Cyberspace. Enterprise Integration Technologies. Hughes' book chronicles the development of the web and its significance to modern society. The Web's future is also discussed.
Wright, Robert. (1997) "The Man Who Invented the Web" Time. Online: http://www.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/1997/dom/970519/tech.the_man_who_i.html Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first server software. Contrary to what is widely believed, it was Berners-Lee who wrote the first graphical user interface web browser, not Marc Andreessen, who is the co-founder of Netscape. The idea of a global hypertext system can be traced back to Ted Nelson, who in the 60's pursued it as the "Xanadu" project. But that never got off the ground, because Nelson wanted it to make a profit and this complicated things.
Author Unknown. (1996) "The Web Maestro: An Interview with Tim Berners-Lee" MIT Technology Review. Online: http://www.techreview.com/articles/july96/bernerslee.html Berners-Lee envisioned the web as a communication tool that would enable small groups to work more efficiently in teams. In explaining the success of the web with today's culture, Berners-Lee said, "The openness of the web is a powerful attraction. Everyone can not only read what's on the web but contribute to it, and everybody is in a sense equal. There's a sense of boundless opportunity." His timing for introducing the WWW was right because in the late 80's and early 90's the Internet was growing and receiving recognition beyond the military and research institutions that were its early users. Author Unknown. (Date Unknown) Policy of the W3 Project. Online: http://www.w3.org/Policy.html/ "The basic aim of the project is to promote communication and information availability for the High Energy Physics (HEP) community." The WWW team wanted to create a forum for CERN uses that could be expanded to encompass all kinds of information. They support contributions by interested individuals and companies in the hopes of the web expanding. Author Unknown. (Date Unknown) About the World Wide Web: History of the World Wide Web. Online: http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/usage/histweb.html/ After the initial release of the WWW, the work done by the National Centre for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, specifically by their Software Development Group released a Web browser called Mosaic. Mosaic greatly increased the Web's accessability to the general public. Kroll, Ed. (1992) The Whole Internet: User's Guide & Catalog. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Kroll's guidebook is a dated but thorough explanation of how the WWW works and how to use it through the original text-based browsers. Hypertext and WAIS use are explained. The future of the Web, from the viewpoint of 1992, is projected somewhat accurately. |
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